Method for reducing ups component stresses during transition from inverter to green/bypass operation

ABSTRACT

UPS systems, methods, and computer-readable mediums utilizing electromechanical bypass relays to switch from an on-line mode of operation to a green/bypass mode of operation include control logic to adaptively adjust the timing of when an inverter of a UPS turns off to prevent backfeeding a utility. After the UPS is instructed to transition from the on-line mode to the green mode, a monitoring period begins. During the monitoring period, a parameter related to the output current of the inverter is monitored and compared to a predetermined threshold. If the parameter exceeds the predetermined threshold before a fixed period time has elapsed, the inverter is turned off early. If the inverter current does not exceed the predetermined value within the fixed period of time, the inverter is turned off.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. Pat. Application Serial No.17/066,665, titled “METHOD FOR REDUCING UPS COMPONENT STRESSES DURINGTRANSITION FROM INVERTER TO GREEN/BYPASS OPERATION” filed on Oct. 9,2020, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No.62/914,034, titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PREVENTING BYPASS-RELAYDAMAGE IN A POWER SUPPLY,” filed on Oct. 11, 2019 [Expired]. Eachapplication referenced above is hereby incorporated herein by referencein its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND 1. Field of the Disclosure

The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods forcontrolling an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS).

2. Description of Related Art

The use of power devices, such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPS),to provide regulated, uninterrupted power for sensitive and/or criticalloads, such as computer systems and other data processing systems, isknown. Known uninterruptible power supplies include on-line UPS’s,off-line UPS’s, line interactive UPS’s as well as others. On-line UPS’sprovide conditioned AC power as well as back-up AC power uponinterruption of a primary source of AC power. Off-line UPS’s typicallydo not provide conditioning of input AC power, but do provide back-up ACpower upon interruption of the primary AC power source. Line interactiveUPS’s are similar to off-line UPS’s in that they switch to battery powerwhen a blackout occurs but also typically include a multi-taptransformer for regulating the output voltage provided by the UPS.

SUMMARY

According to one embodiment, an uninterruptible power supply (UPS)comprises an input configured to receive input power, a backup inputconfigured to receive backup power from a backup power source, an outputconfigured to provide output power to a load from at least one of theinput power or the backup power, an inverter coupled to the input, thebackup input, and the output, and configured to provide inverter-outputcurrent, a sensor configured to detect a parameter indicative of theinverter-output current, a relay coupled between the input and theoutput, and at least one controller coupled to the sensor and configuredto determine that the relay has closed, and turn off the inverter basedon the determination that the relay has closed.

In one example, the at least one controller is configured to determinethat the relay has closed based on the parameter indicative of theinverter-output current.

In another example, the at least one controller is configured todetermine that the relay has closed based on a derivative value of theinverter-output current.

In one example, the at least one controller is coupled to the relay andconfigured to detect that the inverter-output current exceeds athreshold and determine that the relay has closed based on the detectionthat the inverter-output current exceeds the threshold.

In another example, the at least one controller is configured todetermine that the relay has closed based on a lapse of a predeterminedperiod of time after instructing the relay to close.

In one example, the UPS includes a power factor correction (PFC)circuit, and the sensor is configured to detect a current at an input ofthe PFC circuit as the parameter indicative of the inverter-outputcurrent.

In another example the uninterruptible power supply further comprises asecond input configured to receive second input power and provide thesecond input power to the relay.

In one example, the sensor is configured to detect the inverter-outputcurrent at an output of the inverter.

In another example, the sensor is configured to detect a current at aninput of the inverter as the parameter indicative of the inverter-outputcurrent.

According to one embodiment, a method for operating an uninterruptiblepower supply (UPS) comprises receiving input power at an input,receiving backup power from a backup power source, providing outputpower to a load from at least one of the input power or the backuppower, detecting a parameter indicative of inverter-output current froman inverter of the UPS, determining that a relay has closed, and turningoff the inverter included based on the determination that the relay hasclosed.

In one example, the method further comprises determining that the relayhas closed based on the parameter indicative of the inverter-outputcurrent.

In another example, the method further comprises detecting that theparameter indicative of the inverter-output current exceeds a thresholdin response to instructing the relay to close and determining that therelay has closed based on the detection that the inverter-output currentexceeds the threshold.

In one example, the method further comprises determining that the relayhas closed based on a lapse of a predetermined period of time.

According to one embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable mediumstoring thereon sequences of computer-executable instructions forcontrolling an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) comprising an inputconfigured to receive input power, a backup input configured to receivebackup power from a backup power source, an output configured to provideoutput power to a load from at least one of the input power or thebackup power, an inverter coupled to the first input, the backup input,and the output, a sensor configured to detect a parameter related toinverter-output current of the inverter, a relay coupled between theinput and the output and configured to provide output power, and atleast one controller coupled to the sensor, the sequences ofcomputer-executable instructions instructing the at least one controllerto detect the parameter related to the inverter-output current,determine that the relay has closed, and turn off the inverter based onthe determination that the relay has closed.

In one example, the sequences of computer-executable instructionsinstruct the at least one controller to determine that the relay hasclosed based on the parameter related to the inverter-output current.

In another example, the at least one controller is coupled to the relayand the sequences of computer-executable instructions instruct the atleast one controller to detect that the parameter related to outputcurrent of the inverter exceeds a threshold in response to instructingthe relay to close, and determining that the relay has closed based onthe detection that the inverter-output current exceeds the threshold.

In one example, the UPS includes a power factor correction (PFC)circuit, and the sequences of computer-executable instructions instructthe at least one controller to detect a current at an input of the PFCcircuit as the parameter related to the inverter-output current.

In another example, the sequences of computer-executable instructionsinstruct the at least one controller to determine that the relay hasclosed based on a lapse of a predetermined period of time.

In one example, the sequences of computer-executable instructionsinstruct the at least one controller to detect the inverter-outputcurrent at an output of the inverter.

In another example, the sequences of computer-executable instructionsinstruct the at least one controller to detect a current at an input ofthe inverter as the parameter related to the inverter-output current.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various aspects of at least one embodiment are discussed below withreference to the accompanying figures, which are not intended to bedrawn to scale. The figures are included to provide illustration and afurther understanding of the various aspects and embodiments, and areincorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, but are notintended as a definition of the limits of the present disclosure. In thefigures, each identical or nearly identical component that isillustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. Forpurposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every figure.In the figures:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an on-line UPS in an on-line mode accordingto aspects described herein;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an on-line UPS transitioning to agreen/bypass mode according to aspects described herein;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an on-line UPS in an on-line mode accordingto aspects described herein;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an on-line UPS transitioning to agreen/bypass mode according to aspects described herein;

FIG. 5 is a logic flow chart illustrating operation controlling aninverter of a UPS according to aspects described herein;

FIG. 6 is a timing chart illustrating a transition from an on-line modeto a green/bypass mode without utilizing the logic flow chart of FIG. 5according to aspects described herein; and

FIG. 7 is a timing chart illustrating a transition from an on-line modeto a green/bypass mode according to aspects described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Examples of the methods and systems discussed herein are not limited inapplication to the details of construction and the arrangement ofcomponents set forth in the following description or illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. The methods and systems are capable ofimplementation in other embodiments and of being practiced or of beingcarried out in various ways. Examples of specific implementations areprovided herein for illustrative purposes only and are not intended tobe limiting. In particular, acts, components, elements and featuresdiscussed in connection with any one or more examples are not intendedto be excluded from a similar role in any other examples.

Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescription and should not be regarded as limiting. Any references toexamples, embodiments, components, elements or acts of the systems andmethods herein referred to in the singular may also embrace embodimentsincluding a plurality, and any references in plural to any embodiment,component, element or act herein may also embrace embodiments includingonly a singularity. References in the singular or plural form are notintended to limit the presently disclosed systems or methods, theircomponents, acts, or elements. The use herein of “including,”“comprising,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variationsthereof is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter andequivalents thereof as well as additional items. References to “or” maybe construed as inclusive so that any terms described using “or” mayindicate any of a single, more than one, and all of the described terms.In addition, in the event of inconsistent usages of terms between thisdocument and documents incorporated herein by reference, the term usagein the incorporated references is supplementary to that of thisdocument; for irreconcilable inconsistencies, the term usage in thisdocument controls.

In existing UPS systems parallel operation of the inverter and utilitypower may briefly occur during a transition from an on-line mode ofoperation to a bypass mode of operation after a bypass relay is closed.After the bypass relay is closed a conductive path may be formed betweenthe inverter, an inverter relay, the bypass relay, and a utility lineconnected to the bypass relay. During this time of parallel connectionof the utility line and the inverter, current in components of the UPSmay continue to increase until the inverter is turned off. This cancause stress on the components of the UPS and may result in the use ofmore robust and expensive components to handle the increase in current.For relays used in the transition from the on-line mode to the bypassmode, the increased current, if not properly controlled, may cause therelays to weld, permanently damaging them. Also, during this time ofparallel connection, the inverter may backfeed into the utility.

At least some embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods,UPS’s and non-transitory computer-readable media for adaptivelyadjusting the timing of turning off the output of an inverter of a powersupply or UPS after a bypass relay lands (closes). At least someembodiments disclosed herein improve existing UPS systems by enablingthem to handle inconsistent relay timing and unit-to-unit timingvariations without additional hardware circuits while reducing the timethat parallel operation occurs.

One embodiment of an uninterruptible power system 100 in accordance withthe present disclosure will now be described in reference to FIG. 1 ,which illustrates a functional block diagram of a first UPS 100. The UPS100 is an on-line UPS and includes a controller 12, a rectifier/powerfactor correction (PFC) circuit 14, a DC-DC converter 16, a battery 18,a polarized capacitor 20, a DC bus 22, an inverter 24, an inductor 26, acurrent sensor 28, a backfeed line relay 32, a backfeed neutral relay34, a bypass relay 36, an inverter relay 38, input 101, a neutral input103, an output 104, and a neutral output 105. The UPS 100 supplies powerto a load 110 based on input power received at the input 101 and/orpower from the battery 18.

In some embodiments, the inductor 26 is one of an air core inductor, aniron core inductor, and a ferrite core inductor.

The input 101 is coupled to the backfeed line relay 32, which is coupledto the PFC circuit 14. Each output of the PFC circuit 14 is coupled tothe inverter 24. The outputs of the PFC circuit 14 are coupled togetherby the polarized capacitor 20, where the output of the PFC circuitcoupled to the anode of the polarized capacitor 20 forms the DC bus 22,which is coupled to the DC-DC converter 16. The DC bus 22 also acts as abackup input that receives backup power from the battery 18 through theDC-DC converter 16. The battery 18 acts as a backup power source. Thecathode of the polarized capacitor 20 is coupled to the PFC circuit 14,the inverter 24, and the DC-DC-converter 16. One output of the DC-DCconverter 16 is coupled to the anode of the battery 18 and anotheroutput of the DC-DC converter 16 is coupled to both the cathode of thebattery 18 and ground. The inverter 24 has an output coupled to theinductor 26 and another output coupled to the neutral output 105. Theneutral output 105 is coupled to the PFC circuit 14, the inverter 24,the backfeed neutral relay 34, and the load 110. The inductor 26 iscoupled to the current sensor 28, which is coupled to the inverter relay38. The inverter relay 38 is coupled to both the bypass relay 36 and theoutput 104, which is coupled to the load 110. The load 110 is coupledbetween the output 104 and the neutral output 105. The bypass relay 36is coupled to the input 101 and the backfeed line relay 32.

The controller 12 is shown in FIG. 1 as being coupled to the PFC circuit14, the DC-DC converter 16, the inverter 24, the current sensor 28, thebackfeed relay 32, the backfeed neutral relay 34, the bypass relay 36,and the inverter relay 38. Each solid line connected to the controller12 represents a communication path that can transmit signals from thecontroller 12 or receive signals at the controller 12 from one or moreinternals components of the UPS 100. Each relay 32, 34, 36, 38 shown inFIG. 1 is configured to switch between an open position and a closedposition when instructed by the controller 12. In the closed position, aconductive path is formed between a first terminal and a second terminalof the given relay. For example, when the bypass relay 36 is open (asillustrated in FIG. 1 ), current does not conduct between input 101 andthe output 104 within the bypass relay 36. Conversely, when the bypassrelay 36 is closed, current conducts at the relay connection to theinput 101 and the relay connection to the output 104, when the load 110is coupled between the output 104 and the neutral output 105, and poweris present at the input 101.

The UPS 100, as illustrated in FIG. 1 , is a single-phase UPS with adouble conversion (AC to DC, DC to AC) topology. In other embodiments,the UPS 100 may be a multi-phase UPS, such as a three-phase UPS. The UPS100 is illustrated in FIG. 1 as operating in the on-line mode, where theUPS 100 is configured to provide output power to the load 110 utilizingthe inverter 24. As illustrated in FIG. 1 , the backfeed line relay 32is configured in a closed position to connect the input 101 with the PFCcircuit 14. The bypass relay 36 is configured in an open position. Thebackfeed neutral relay 34 and the inverter relay 38 are illustrated asbeing in the closed position. When the backfeed line relay 32, backfeedneutral relay 34, bypass relay 36, and the inverter relay 38 areconfigured in these positions, the UPS 100 is configured to operate inthe on-line mode of operation. To enter the bypass mode, a higherefficiency operational mode, the controller 12 activates (closes) thebypass relay 36 and turns off the inverter 24.

In some embodiments, one or more of the backfeed line relay 32, thebackfeed neutral relay 34, the bypass relay 36, and the inverter relay38 is an electromechanical relay (EMR). Electro-mechanical relays aredevices that convert a magnetic flux into a mechanical force whichoperates the electrical contacts within the relay, often using a spring.Solid state relays (SSR), on the other hand, lack moving parts andachieve their functionality with semiconductors. Due to the mechanicalnature of EMRs, the time for the internal switch to leave one contactand land on another can vary depending on the age of the EMR, the typeof the EMR, spring strength, contact wear, coil damage, temperature, andother factors. Accordingly, when controlling an EMR to close, it is notentirely predictable how long it will take for the internal switch ofthe EMR to land from one position to the other. Therefore, if thecontroller 12 only used a fixed time to interrupt the output of theinverter 24 after commanding the bypass relay 36 to close, the inverter24 can provide power to the input 101 through the bypass relay 36.

FIG. 2 illustrates a functional block diagram of the UPS 100transitioning to the bypass mode of operation. FIG. 2 differs from FIG.1 in that the bypass relay 36 is closed and a current 120 is presentbetween the inverter relay 38 and the bypass relay 36. Under normaloperation of the UPS 100, during transition from the on-line mode ofoperation to the bypass mode of operation, the controller 12 instructsthe bypass relay 36 to close and then disables (turns off) the inverter24 so that input AC power is provided directly to the output line 104via the bypass relay 36. After the inverter 24 is instructed to turnoff, the inverter relay 38 is instructed to open. In some embodiments,after the controller 12 instructs the inverter 24 to turn off, thecontroller 12 instructs the backfeed line relay 32 and the backfeedneutral relay 34 to open to prevent backfeeding power to the utilitygrid.

In an ideal scenario, the optimal transition from the on-line mode tothe bypass mode would have the inverter 24 stop at the same time thatthe bypass relay 36 lands (closes). However, if the controller 12 stopsthe inverter 24 too early (before bypass relay 36 lands), the load 110might be dropped and/or the load input capacitors could be drained,resulting in a large inrush current as the bypass relay 36 lands. If thecontroller 12 stops the inverter 24 too late (for a significant timeafter the bypass relay 36 lands), the parallel connection of utilitypower and inverter power may result in the inverter 24 sourcing orsinking large currents resulting in possible stressing or damage to theinternal components of the UPS 100. In such a scenario, the inverter 24may be attempting to supply power to the connected utility(backfeeding). FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 illustrate a second UPS 200 that issubstantially the same as the first UPS 100, except that the second UPS200 includes a second input 102. Common elements in the UPS 100 and theUPS 200 are labelled with the same reference numbers. The second input102 is coupled to the bypass relay 36. As illustrated in FIG. 3 and FIG.4 , the second input 102 may receive input power and is separate fromthe input 101. In some embodiments, the input 101 and the second input102 are designed to receive power from different power sources toprovide additional redundancy. In an example, one of the input 101 andthe second input 102 receives power from a utility grid and the otherreceives power from an alternative energy source. In some embodimentsthe alternative energy source is one or more of solar power, wind power,and hydroelectric power.

Certain embodiments include an optional capacitor connected betweenneutral output 105 and the conductive line connecting sensor 28 andinverter relay 38 in each of FIG. 1 , FIG. 2 , FIG. 3 , and FIG. 4 .

As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 , the current sensor 28 is coupledbetween the inductor 26 and the inverter relay 38 to measure aninverter-output current of the inverter 24 as a parameter indicative ofthe current being output by the inverter 24. In some examples, the UPS100 or the UPS 200 includes one or more current sensors including thecurrent sensor 28. Each of the one or more current sensors may becoupled at a different location in the UPS 100 or the UPS 200. In anexample, in addition to or as an alternative to the current sensor 28coupled between the inductor 26 and the inverter relay 38, a currentsensor is coupled to the DC bus 22 to measure current received by aninput of the inverter 24 as the parameter being indicative of the outputcurrent of the inverter 24. In some examples, a scaling factor isapplied to the received current to estimate the output current of theinverter 24. Other scaling factors can similarly be applied for otherlocations of the one or more current sensors. In another example, thecurrent sensor 28 is coupled to an input of the PFC circuit 14 that isconnected to both the PFC circuit 14 and the backfeed line relay 32. Ascaling factor or a separate threshold value may be compared to thevalue of the current sensor 28 at the input of the PFC circuit 14 todetermine if the bypass relay 36 has closed. In some embodiments, aplurality of the one or more sensors is used, the plurality includingthe current sensor 28, and the parameter indicative of the outputcurrent is a weighted average of each current sensor measurement ofcurrent.

In FIGS. 1-4 , straight lines which intersect and cross over one anotherare not electrically connected. Solid circles overlapping straight linesindicate the lines beneath the circles are electrically connected.Within each of the backfeed line relay 32, backfeed neutral relay 34,bypass relay 36, and the inverter relay 38, there are three electricalcontacts represented by circles. The straight lines connecting one ofthe circles and components outside a respective relay indicate aconnection. As an example, in FIG. 1 , the input 101 is connected to thePFC circuit 14 via the backfeed relay 32. Discussion of the operation ofthe first UPS 100 continues below. The second UPS 200 operates insubstantially the same manner with the exception of having theadditional input 102 for receiving input power herein is intended toapply in every respect to the first UPS 100.

The operation of the first UPS 100 will now be described in greaterdetail with reference to a method 500, which is illustrated as a logicflowchart in FIG. 5 . The method 500 includes at least three acts 502,506, and 510, and two conditions 504 and 508. In some embodiments, thecontroller 12 executes each act and condition in method 500. Certainembodiments implement the method 500 as a firmware algorithm stored asprogram instructions in an internal storage of the UPS 100.

In the method 500, the current sensor 28 is utilized to convert theinverter-output current into an ADC measurement value allowing thecontroller 12 to detect a rise in the ADC measurement value, indicatingthe landing of bypass relay 36 and the beginning of current 120backfeeding into the utility.

In the first act 502 of the method 500, the controller 12 instructs theUPS 100 to transition from the on-line mode to the bypass mode. Totransition to the bypass mode, the controller 12 instructs the bypassrelay 36 to close. After the bypass relay 36 is instructed to close, thecontroller 12 begins monitoring current detected by the current sensor28. In some embodiments, the controller 12 waits for a predeterminedperiod of time before monitoring current with the current sensor 28. Inone example, the predetermined time is in a range of about 0.1 ms toabout 5 ms. In another example, the predetermined time is in a range ofabout 0.01 ms to about 10 ms. In one example, the predetermined time isin a range of about 0.001 ms to about 50 ms.

The controller 12 then compares the most recent current value detectedby the current sensor 28 to a predetermined value of current as thefirst condition 504. In some embodiments, the predetermined value isabout 125% of the nominal current output by the inverter 24. In certainembodiments, the predetermined value is a current threshold adjusted forthe particular load 110. In one example, the load is about 5.5 kWconsumed by a server rack, a maximum capacity of the inverter 24 isabout 30A, and the current threshold is set to about 80% of the maximumcapacity, which is about 24A. In another example, the current thresholdis within a range. According to certain aspects, the range is about 3 toabout 5 times an RMS value. For example, if the RMS value is about 30A,then a range around 100A is reasonable. In some examples, the range isabout 30A to about 100A. In other examples, the range is about 24A toabout 30A. In some examples, the range is about 10A to about 50A. If thecurrent value detected by the sensor 28 exceeds the predetermined value(YES), then the first condition 504 is satisfied and the method 500proceed to the second act 506. If the current value detected by thesensor 28 does not exceed the predetermined value (NO), then method 500proceeds to evaluate the second condition 508. In some embodiments, thefirst condition 504 compares a current increase per unit of timedetected by the sensor 28 to a threshold that represents a predeterminedderivative value of current.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1-4 , the current sensor 28 iselectrically coupled to an output of the inverter 24. The inverteroutput is coupled to the inductor 26, which is coupled to the currentsensor 28 that is coupled between the inductor 26 and the inverter relay38, to measure the output current of the inverter 224. In otherembodiments, the sensor 28, or an additional sensor may be coupled to aninput of the inverter 24. For example, in some embodiments the currentsensor 28 is coupled to the DC bus 22. Other locations for current (orvoltage) sensors within the UPS 100 are included within embodimentsdisclosed herein. While the specific value indicating the presence ofthe current 120 monitored by the sensor 28 may change depending on thelocation of the sensor 28 within the UPS 100, the acts and conditions ofthe method 500 are the same for each location. More specifically, indifferent embodiments, any sensor that determines parameters related tothe output current from the inverter to detect an increase in the outputcurrent after switching the UPS 100 to the bypass mode may be used inaddition to or in place of the current sensor 28.

The second condition 508 compares the time elapsed since the controller12 instructed the UPS 100 to close the bypass relay 36 in the first act502 to a predetermined threshold of time. The threshold indicates amaximum fixed period of time that can elapse since the bypass relay 36was instructed to close. According to certain aspects, the predeterminedthreshold is about 1 ms to about 2 ms. In some embodiments, thepredetermined threshold is 10 ms. In certain embodiments, the thresholdis 13 ms. In some embodiments, the threshold is a value between 10 msand 13 ms. If the current time (as of the second condition 508 beingcurrently evaluated) exceeds the predetermined threshold, then thesecond condition 508 is satisfied (YES) and method 500 proceeds to thethird act 510. If the current time does not exceed the predeterminedthreshold, then the second condition 508 is not satisfied (NO) andmethod 500 returns to evaluating the first condition 504. Certainembodiments use a fixed relay time as the predetermined threshold basedon an average relay time (for the type of relay used as the bypass relay36) to close plus a margin to determine the time to interrupt theinverter 24 after controller 12 commands the bypass relay 36 to close.

In some embodiments, when the second condition is not satisfied (NO),the method 500 returns to evaluating the second condition 508. In anexample, the method 500 includes evaluating the first condition 504 oneor more times before proceeding to evaluating the second condition 508in the event the first condition 504 is not satisfied. Some examplesinclude a predetermined waiting period in the first condition 504 beforecomparing the parameter indicative of the inverter 24 current to apredetermined threshold, and then proceeding to evaluating the secondcondition 508.

The time to interrupt the inverter 24, after commanding the bypass relay36 to close, should not be less than the relay flying time or a largeinrush current from utility to the load 110 could occur possiblyresulting in a damaged relay and/or damage to other UPS components.

In some embodiments, the method 500 results in one of two possibleoutcomes. In one outcome, the first condition 504 is satisfied and thecontroller 12 instructs the inverter 24 to turn off early (before thepredetermined threshold of time has been exceeded). In the otheroutcome, the second condition 508 is satisfied and the controller 12instructs the inverter 24 to turn off as a result of the predeterminedperiod of time elapsing. Certain embodiments include additionalconditions or acts. In an example, a third condition 505 (not shown) maybe evaluated between the first and second conditions 504 and 508 thatevaluates whether the inverter current is a different value than thevalue checked at the first condition 504. In such an example, the firstcondition 504 evaluates the current for a first current value, and ifthat current value is not exceeded, then a second, higher current valueis evaluated in the third condition 505. If the current in the thirdcondition 505 is exceeded, then method 500 proceeds to the second act506 and if not, proceeds to the second condition 508.

FIG. 6 shows a timing sequence 600 of the first UPS 100 and the secondUPS 200 for the transition between the on-line mode and the bypass modewhen the second condition 508 in the method 500 is satisfied. In thetiming sequence 600 at a first point in time 602, the controller 12provides a command to the bypass relay 36, instructing the bypass relay36 to close. After a fixed period of 13 ms, the controller 12 commandsthe inverter 24 to turn off at a second point in time 604. The inverterrelay 38 is then commanded to open at a following zero crossing point606 of the output voltage waveform. The illustrated first parallelduration 610 shows the duration of time beginning when the bypass relay36 has landed and ending when the controller 12 instructs the inverterrelay 38 to open. The amount of time that the first parallel operation610 occurs is dependent on the actual closure time of bypass relay 36,which can vary between different relay samples. During this parallelduration 610, the inverter 24 and the utility are both connected to theload 110, which may result in a current 120 feeding back to the utility.The resulting current 120 is related to the connected load 110 and thedifference between the output voltage of the inverter 24 and utilityvoltage at the input 101. The current 120 could result in the bypassrelay 36 becoming damaged and/or stressing components of the inverter 24or any other component of the UPS 100. The scenario depicted in FIG. 6for the second condition is similar to the operation of typical UPS’s.In embodiments disclosed herein, the operation of UPS’s for detectingthe first condition, either in conjunction with the second condition oralone, provide improvements in the transition time from online mode tobypass mode.

FIG. 7 shows the timing sequence 700 of the first UPS 100 and the secondUPS 200 for the transition between the on-line mode of operation and thebypass mode of operation when the first condition 504 of the method 500is satisfied. In the timing sequence, as in FIG. 6 , at the first pointin time 602, the controller 12 provides a command to the bypass relay36, instructing the bypass relay 36 to close. After the controller 12instructs the bypass relay 36 to close, the method 500 begins. Once thebypass relay 36 has landed, current in the sensor 28 begins to rise. Thesecond parallel duration 710 and the detection period 712 both begin atthe point when the bypass relay 36 has landed. The detection period 712indicates the length of time for the controller 12 to detect that avalue from the sensor 28 has exceeded the predetermined threshold in thefirst condition 504 of the method 500. At the end of the detectionperiod 712, the first condition 504 of the method 500 is satisfied andthe controller 12 instructs the inverter 24 to turn off in the secondact 506 of the method 500 at a point in time 704 that is earlier thanthe fixed threshold time evaluated in the second condition 508. Once thecontroller 12 instructs the inverter 24 to turn off, the controller 12then instructs the inverter relay 38 to open at the next estimated zerocrossing point 706. As a result of the first condition 504 beingsatisfied during the detection period 712, the second parallel duration710 is shorter than the first parallel duration 610.

While one or more embodiments described above pertain to UPS systems, itis to be understood that these and other embodiments may comprisegeneral power supplies instead or in addition to UPS systems. Otherembodiments include using techniques described herein in other powersystems. Certain embodiments include using techniques described hereinin other types of UPS’s including, but not limited to, standby UPS’s,line interactive UPS’s, standby on-line hybrid UPS’s, standby-ferroUPS’s, delta conversion on-line UPS’s, and offline UPS’s. Otherembodiments include using techniques described herein with devices otherthan relays.

Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodimentdisclosed herein, it is to be appreciated various alterations,modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled inthe art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intendedto be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spiritand scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the foregoingdescription and drawings are by way of example only.

What is claimed is:
 1. A power supply comprising: an input configured toreceive input power; an output configured to provide output power to aload ; a power module coupled to the input and the output, andconfigured to provide output current; a sensor configured to detect aparameter indicative of the output current; a relay coupled between theinput and the output; and at least one controller coupled to the sensorand configured to: determine that the relay has closed; and turn off thepower module based on the determination that the relay has closed. 2.The power supply of claim 1, wherein the at least one controller isconfigured to: determine that the relay has closed based on theparameter indicative of the output current.
 3. The power supply of claim1 wherein the at least one controller is configured to: determine thatthe relay has closed based on a derivative value of the output current.4. The power supply of claim 1 wherein the at least one controller iscoupled to the relay and configured to: detect that the output currentexceeds a threshold; and determine that the relay has closed based onthe detection that the output current exceeds the threshold.
 5. Thepower supply of claim 1 wherein the at least one controller isconfigured to: determine that the relay has closed based on a lapse of apredetermined period of time after instructing the relay to close. 6.The power supply of claim 1 wherein the power supply includes a powerfactor correction (PFC) circuit, and the sensor is configured to detecta current at an input of the PFC circuit as the parameter indicative ofthe output current.
 7. The power supply of claim 1 further comprising asecond input configured to receive second input power and provide thesecond input power to the relay.
 8. The power supply of claim 1 whereinthe sensor is configured to detect the output current at an output ofthe power module .
 9. The power supply of claim 1 wherein the sensor isconfigured to detect a current at an input of the power module as theparameter indicative of the output current.
 10. A method for operating apower supply comprising: receiving input power at an input; providingoutput power to a load; detecting a parameter indicative ofinverter-output current from a power module of the power supply;determining that a relay has closed; and turning off the power modulebased on the determination that the relay has closed.
 11. The method ofclaim 10 further comprising: determining that the relay has closed basedon the parameter indicative of the output current.
 12. The method ofclaim 10 further comprising: detecting that the parameter indicative ofthe output current exceeds a threshold in response to instructing therelay to close; and determining that the relay has closed based on thedetection that the output current exceeds the threshold.
 13. The methodof claim 10 further comprising: determining that the relay has closedbased on a lapse of a predetermined period of time.
 14. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium storing thereon sequences ofcomputer-executable instructions for controlling a power supplycomprising an input configured to receive input power, an outputconfigured to provide output power to a load a power module coupled tothe first input and the output, a sensor configured to detect aparameter related to output current of the power module, a relay coupledbetween the input and the output and configured to provide output power,and at least one controller coupled to the sensor, the sequences ofcomputer-executable instructions instructing the at least one controllerto: detect the parameter related to the output current; determine thatthe relay has closed; and turn off the inverter based on thedetermination that the relay has closed.
 15. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 14 wherein the sequences ofcomputer-executable instructions instruct the at least one controllerto: determine that the relay has closed based on the parameter relatedto the output current.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readable mediumof claim 14 wherein the at least one controller is coupled to the relayand the sequences of computer-executable instructions instruct the atleast one controller to: detect that the parameter related to outputcurrent of the power module exceeds a threshold in response toinstructing the relay to close; and determining that the relay hasclosed based on the detection that the output current exceeds thethreshold.
 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14wherein the power supply includes a power factor correction (PFC)circuit, and the sequences of computer-executable instructions instructthe at least one controller to detect a current at an input of the PFCcircuit as the parameter related to the output current.
 18. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16 wherein thesequences of computer-executable instructions instruct the at least onecontroller to: determine that the relay has closed based on a lapse of apredetermined period of time.
 19. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 14 wherein the sequences of computer-executableinstructions instruct the at least one controller to detect the outputcurrent at an output of the power module.
 20. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 14 wherein the sequences ofcomputer-executable instructions instruct the at least one controller todetect a current at an input of the power module as the parameterrelated to the output current.